Constancy and Difference in Personality Structure and Mean Profile, in the Questionnaire Medium, from Applying the 16 P.F. Test in America and Japan

A factor analysis of 32 variables constituted by scales in Forms A and B of the 16 P.F. on 117 American and 300 Japanese male undergraduates yielded highly congruent structures. Differences were no greater than for two American samples, suggesting that these personality source traits have high universality. On factor levels, however, very significant differences were found, explicable partly in terms of the Japanese being more introvert