Analyzing Cross-Sectionally Clustered Data Using Generalized Estimating Equations

The presence of clustered data is common in the sociobehavioral sciences. One approach that specifically deals with clustered data but has seen little use in education is the generalized estimating equations (GEEs) approach. We provide a background on GEEs, discuss why it is appropriate for the analysis of clustered data, and provide worked examples using both continuous and binary outcomes. Comparisons are made between GEEs, multilevel models, and ordinary least squares results to highlight similarities and differences between the approaches. Detailed walkthroughs are provided using both R and SPSS Version 26.