Integrating AI in Online Learning in Higher Education: A Literature Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being adopted within higher education and online learning contexts. Online instructors are utilizing the affordances of AI technologies in teaching and learning. They are simultaneously grappling with issues of privacy, data storage, and ethical implications through considerations of how to design and support learning with selected AI tool(s). This literature review focuses on how AI technologies are integrated into online learning environments in higher education. Using a two-pronged critical literature review approach, 207 citations were initially identified and resulted in 63 citations selected in the final review. The resulting four key themes are discussed and reflect the complexity of AI integration in online learning: (i) Types and purpose of AI integration; (ii) pedagogical approaches (e.g., use of AI literacy); (iii) benefits of using AI in online learning; and (iv) challenges of using AI in online learning. Notably, these themes overlap and reflect an interconnection. Implications for practice, policy, and research are provided.