Historically, the link between the sounds and meanings of words has been reported as being arbitrary (de Saussure, 1959). Some observations, however, support the idea that word-meaning associations rely on systematic relations between the physical properties of speech sounds and their ref-erents (Brown, 1958; Ohala, 1994; Sapir, 1929).In pioneering studies, Edward Sapir (e.g., Sapir, 1929) invented pairs of pseudowords, such as
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Peña et al. (2011) studied this question.
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