An ultrathin Nafion film was introduced onto the poly(ether sulfone) (PES)-sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) porous membranes for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The composite membranes showed very high ion selectivity, good stability and excellent performance (energy efficiency 86.5% at 80 mA cm(-2)) in VFB.
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Li et al. (2014) studied this question.
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