Background: infections. Methods: Data from the GBD 2021 database were analyzed to evaluate trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rate (ASDR) for leishmaniasis across global, regional, and national levels, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to project future burden. Analyses included the slope index of inequality and the concentration index to assess health disparities, frontier analysis to estimate achievable outcomes based on development levels, and decomposition analysis to identify the drivers of changes in DALYs number. Conclusions: Leishmaniasis continues to pose significant public health challenges in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and Middle East. Strengthening public health interventions, optimizing resource distribution, and focusing on health governance in low- and middle-income countries are key to addressing the ongoing burden. One Health-based integrated strategies, particularly in vector control, host management, and environmental sanitation, are essential for reducing the disease burden and achieving long-term control.
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Zhang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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