‘We were displaced several times since 1956’: the Tonga– Goba involuntary resettlement experiences at the Kariba Dam

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This article critically discusses the secondary displacements of the Tonga–Goba people that occurred after their initial resettlement in the late 1950s. It considers the factors that engendered these displacements; as well as the socio–economic effects of these displacements. These factors include the Zimbabwe Liberation War of the 1970s, the independence of 1980, politico-economic crises of the 2000s and human–wildlife conflicts. These multiple displacements negatively impacted the lives and livelihoods of the affected people. These forms of displacements are regarded as long-term impacts of their initial resettlement of the 1950s.