Longitudinal data are used to estimate the reciprocal relationship between parental support and self-esteem among children in the fifth through eighth grades. The results suggest that parents' supportive behavior-as measured by children's reports-affects the self-esteem of children but that self-esteem also affects how much support children report their parents give them. In addition, parents have a greater effect on the self-esteem of girls than of boys. Finally, mothers and fathers have similar effects for both
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Felson et al. (1989) studied this question.
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