Self-assembled non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-peptide hydrogel to effectively mitigate ocular inflammation

, and IL-6) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage. In addition, topical instillation of the Pra-ffd hydrogel exhibited good ocular tolerance and prolonged precorneal retention (>20 min), resulting in higher bioavailability compared with the Pra solution. Using an endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) rabbit model, we demonstrated that topical instillation of Pra-ffd hydrogel effectively mitigated the inflammatory response in the anterior chamber and significantly reduced the entry of inflammatory cells from the circulation by preserving the integrity of the blood-aqueous humor barrier. Overall, the Pra-ffd hydrogel represents a promising ocular drug delivery platform for the treatment of inflammatory ocular disorders.