Religiosity of Indonesian Muslim as affected by Islamic religious education and other factors: A meta-analysis

<ns3:p>Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Islamic religious education and other factors on the religiosity of Indonesian Muslim by using a meta-analysis method. The study integrated data from 22 studies that examined various factors influencing religiosity among Muslim communities in Indonesia. Relevant literatures were sourced using the Google Scholar platform by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Articles were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, and the effect sizes (correlation values) were calculated using the Fisher Z transformation and analyzed through a random effects model. Results revealed that the meta-analysis identified several factors with significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) to Islamic religiosity, i.e., adherence to Islamic law (syariat), participation in dakwah activities, halal orientation, Islamic religious education, family education, and positive moral behavior. Negative moral behavior, such as accessing pornographic sites, exhibited a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05). Intelligence, however, was found to have no significant impact on religiosity. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of religiosity, shaped by educational, familial, and behavioral dimensions.</ns3:p>