A Novel Ear Space Reference (ESR) Model for Ergonomic Design of Earphones

Earphone discomfort and poor fit remain widespread problems despite advances in audio technology. This article introduces the Ear Space Reference (ESR) model, an anthropometry-based framework that helps designers create better-fitting earphones. We captured 3D ear anatomy data from volunteers, mapped key landmarks onto a standardized grid, and built depth profiles to represent ear shapes quantitatively. Using this reference, we designed and 3D-printed prototype earphones that lock naturally into the ear’s contours. Pilot testing with users showed improved stability during movement and greater comfort. The ESR model offers designers a methodology for improved anatomy-driven earphone design, and the averaged coordinate dataset is made publicly available to support future research and product development.