Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Introduction An Arab Spring? Tunisia's Secularism Goes up in Smoke The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Revolution Dictatorship, Democracy and Radical Islam Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Bahrain Tribal Terror: The Disintegration of Yemen and Libya Washington's Nightmare Conclusion
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
A 2012 study studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: