Granger Causality and Kuznets Environmental Curve: An Analysis of the Relationship between Municipal Solid Waste Collection, Per Capita Income and GDP Per Capita in Brazil

This study analyses the causation relationships between the daily collection of urban solid waste per capita and the GDP per capita of27 Brazilian states from 2008 to 2019.In this period, a two-way causation flow of Grangers type was observed among the variables.In addition, the Kuznets Environmental Curve Hypothesis was also tested between the average monthly per capita income and the daily collection of solid waste per capita.The results suggest a relationship in the form of inverted N between the variables, denoting a non-linear relationship.It is also concluded that the generation of solid waste increases with the income of the Brazilian middle class (classes B and C, with average monthly revenue per capita between R$8,014.11 and R$ 16,474.51).From 2010, there was also a significant increase in the generation of solid waste per capita, when there was an increase in the average income of the Brazilian population.That year, the Brazilian middle class represented more than half the population.