A systematic literature review of Human-Machine Cooperation in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

This study presents a systematic critical literature review examining the core technologies in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships through the lens of Human-Machine Cooperation. Existing reviews primarily focus on technical performance, whereas this work emphasises how technological advancements are reshaping seafarer roles by shifting them from onboard operators and decision-makers to remote supervisors and collaborative partners. Furthermore, the review identifies key research gaps in current Human-Machine Cooperation practices, such as the lack of transparency, inadequate operator training, and limited human-centred design. To address these challenges, it proposes targeted recommendations and strategic insights. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of human-autonomy interaction and offer strategic directions for designing future MASS systems that are both technologically advanced and human-aware.