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William H. SchmidtWilliam H. Schmidt is a University Distinguished Professor and Co‐Director of the Education Policy Center in the College of Education at Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA. He specializes in international comparative research, educational policy, and statistics. & Richard S. PrawatRichard S. Prawat is professor of educational psychology and teacher education and Chair of the Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, College of Education, 449 Erickson Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; e‐mail: . His area of specialization is teaching and learning for understanding; his current interest is in bringing Peirce and Dewey to bear on this issue.
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Schmidt et al. (2006) studied this question.
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