tended to be explanatory. That is, I am talking about studies of such phenomena as program effectiveness, in which an attempt is made to explain why the students in some programs achieve more than the students in others. This is in contrast to descriptive studies like National Assessment, which attempt to describe such things as the levels of achievement obtained in various sectors of American schooling. As f6reskog (1976) put it:
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William W. Cooley (1978) studied this question.
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