Part 1 Trends in Enlightenment thought: Catherine II and Enlightenment the emergence of Enlightenment Nikolai Novikov and Freemasonry the aristocratic opposition. Part 2 The culmination of the Enlightenment in Russia - Aleksandr Radishchev: Radishchev's life Radishchev's social Radishchev's views on ethics and education radical reform or revolution? the treatise on immortality. Part 3 Gentry conservatives and gentry revolutionaries: Nikolai Karamzin the Decembrists. Part 4 Anti-Enlightenment trends in the early 19th century: mysticism the Wisdom-lovers and Schellingianism. Part 5 Petr Chaadaev: Chaadaev's metaphysics and of history Russia's past and future Chaadaev's place in intellectual history. Part 6 The Slavophiles: the Slavophiles' of history and social ideals the concept of the integral personality and new principles in Slavophile ecclesiology Slavophilism as conservative Utopianism the disintegration of Slavophilism. Part 7 The Hegelians - from reconciliation with reality to philosophy of action: Nikolai Stankevich Mikhail Bakunin Vissarion Belinsky Aleksandr Herzen. Part 8 Belinsky and different variants of westernism: Belinsky's westernism the liberal westernizers. Part 9 The Petrashevtsy: the social and political ideas of the Petrashevtsy the philosophical ideas of the Petrashevtsy. Part 10 The origins of Russian socialism: the evolution of Herzen's views Nikolai Ogarev. Part 11 Nikolai Chernyshevsky and the Enlighteners of the sixties: Chernyshevsky's anthropological materialism Nikolai Dobroliubov and the dispute over the superfluous men Dmitry Pisarev and nihilism critics of the Enlighteners Apollon Grigoriev and Nikolai Strakhov. Part 12 Populist ideologies: from go to the people to the people's will Petr Lavrov Petr Tkachev Nikolai Mikhailovsky. Part 13 Anarchism: Mikhail Bakunin Petr Kropotkin. Part 14 Ideologies of reaction after the reforms: Nikolai Danilevsky Konstantin Pobedonostsev Konstantin Leontiev. Part 15 Two prophetic writers: Fyodor Dostoevsky Lev Tolstoy Dostoevsky and Tolstoy - a comparison. Part 16 Variants of positivism: dogmatic positivism Grigory Wyrouboff critical positivism - Vladimir Lesevich positivism and psychology positivism and sociology. Part 17 Vladimir Soloviev and metaphysical idealism: Soloviev's religious Aleksei Kozlov and pan-psychism Boris Chicherin and the Hegelians of the second half of the 19th century. Part 18 From populism to Marxism: between populism and Marxism Plekhanov and the rational reality Plekhanov's literary criticism and aesthetics legal populism legal Marxism Lenin's early writings. Index.
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Petrovich et al. (1981) studied this question.