Beginning with replications of the experimental study by Kurt Lewin et al., the PM Theory of Leadership has been developed in Japan as an extensive interdisciplinary and intercultural approach to leadership. The performance leadership function (P) is oriented toward goal achievement or problem solving, and the maintenance leadership function (M) oriented toward preserving group social stability. Any concrete leadership behavior reflects varying degrees of each function. By using our new paradigm, the validity and reliability of PM leadership measurement were examined not only in specific, particular situations but also in more universal situations, not only in descriptive, phenotypic studies of leadership infield research but also in genotypic studies of leadership conducted in laboratory situations.
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Jyuji Misumi (1995) studied this question.