What a man wants: The male perspective on therapeutic alliance formation.

Although the link between client ratings of therapeutic alliance quality and psychotherapy outcome has been well established by previous research, there is still much to be done to clarify what variables are important to clients, particularly men, in the formation of an alliance. Thirty-seven male clients currently undergoing psychotherapy categorized 74 critical incidents for alliance formation in an open-ended manner on the basis of self-perceived relatedness. Multivariate concept-mapping statistical techniques were used to identify the typical way in which the participants conceptualized variables that are important to alliance formation. Nine categories of variables were identified (Bringing out the Issues, Nonverbal Psychotherapist Actions, Emotional Support, Formal Respect, Practical Help, Office Environment, Information, Client Responsibility, and Choice of Professional). Bringing out the Issues emerged as the highest rated and most consistently understood category across the men in this study. The results of this study add to a small but growing body of research on the client's perspective of alliance formation and provide an initial conceptual model of how men understand the variables of common alliance formation. The developed model also provides several hypotheses, which are presented for verification in future research and clinical practice.