PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on contemporary research into potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) published over the past 18 months. Beyond serum lab values, there is no consensus on the use of specific biomarkers for this purpose. Potential biomarkers being investigated consist of genetic, protein, immunologic, and radiologic candidates. RECENT FINDINGS: New insights in genomic biomarkers include a better understanding of VHL mutational heterogeneity, tumor mutational burden, and the importance of genes like PBRM1 and SETD2 . Protein biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and PDZK1 have demonstrated utility in predicting disease progression, therapeutic response, and survival, while immunologic biomarkers like PSMD2, cytokines, and Tregs continue to shed light on the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion. Emerging imaging biomarkers, from CAIX-targeted radiotracers to PSMA-based PET-CT, offer noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic tools that may revolutionize RCC management. SUMMARY: There are several promising biomarkers currently under investigation for use in advanced RCC.
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Wong et al. (2025) studied this question.
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