Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Les B. Whitbeck, Ronald L. Simons, Rand D. Conger, K. A. S. Wickrama, Kevin A. Ackley, Glen H. Elder Jr., The Effects of Parents' Working Conditions and Family Economic Hardship on Parenting Behaviors and Children's Self-Efficacy, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 291-303
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Whitbeck et al. (1997) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: