Les B. Whitbeck, Ronald L. Simons, Rand D. Conger, K. A. S. Wickrama, Kevin A. Ackley, Glen H. Elder Jr., The Effects of Parents' Working Conditions and Family Economic Hardship on Parenting Behaviors and Children's Self-Efficacy, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 291-303
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Whitbeck et al. (1997) studied this question.
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