Sex Differences in Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Outcome of Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

P rimary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common, yet devastating, stroke subtype. Although ethnicity and age can predispose individuals to ICH and affect outcome, little investigation has been made into investigating sex differences in incidence, pathophysiology, or outcome after ICH. In order to understand fundamental mechanisms, improve preclinical research models, and develop effective treatment options for patients with ICH, assessing the effects of sex in ICH is imperative. Thus, the purpose of this review is to gather available information on incidence, pathophysiology, outcome, and preclinical study to provide basis for further investigations.