Exploiting Flexibility of Renewable Energy Integrated Buildings for Optimal Day-ahead and Real-time Power Bidding Considering Batteries and EVs as Demand Response Resources

This study examines the flexibility potential of energy demand resources in buildings. The building flexible demand resources considered are electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage batteries. The paper investigates the combined optimization of EVs and batteries with the objective of maximizing the total profit of building microgrids in day-ahead and regulation (real-time) electricity markets. The major contribution of the paper is the exploitation of the energy flexibility of buildings using EVs as dynamic energy storage device and batteries as manageable demand facility with possibilities of advancing or delaying their consumptions. The proposed optimization objective takes into account EV driving patterns, penalties for renewable energy curtailment, involuntary load shedding and bid imbalance in an explicit optimization setup. The proposed optimization problem is formulated as a dual-step mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, and solved using the CPLEX solver. A number of simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework using real data of building electricity consumption and local renewable energy production in the otaniemi area of Espoo, Finland. We reveal that the devised optimization solution achieves considerable saving in electricity bills, increase profit, reduce renewable energy curtailment, and smoothen peak electricity consumption, compared to a non-optimized operation.