Thomas P. Carpenter, Ellen Ansell, Megan L. Franke, Elizabeth Fennema, Linda Weisbeck, Models of Problem Solving: A Study of Kindergarten Children's Problem-Solving Processes, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Vol. 24, No. 5 (Nov., 1993), pp. 428-441
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Carpenter et al. (1993) studied this question.
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