Applying outcome research: Intentional utilization of the client's frame of reference.

The percentage of outcome variance attributable to extratherapeutic and common factors, and the superiority of client's predictions of outcome, challenges an emphasis on theoretical frames of reference and offers a compelling argument for allowing the client to direct the psychotherapeutic process. This article suggests that therapists intentionally utilize the client's frame of reference for the explicit purpose of influencing successful outcome. A proposal for a client-directed process is offered that de-emphasizes theory and seeks deliberate enhancement of common factor effects and maximum collaboration with the client through all phases of intervention.