The vessel wall: A forgotten player in post thrombotic syndrome

Much research in venous thrombotic diseases focuses on the acute thrombotic process such as anticoagulation and risk factors. Deep-vein thrombosis directly leads to post thrombotic syndrome, and this can cause significant patient disability. Little research has focused on the vein wall injury response to the thrombotic inflammatory insult. Herein, we review what is currently known about this process with emphasis on the matrix, mediators, and vascular medial smooth muscle response after thrombotic injury. Translational therapies and potential future agents are reviewed.