Nomenclature U∞ = free-stream velocity U, V, W = streamwise, wall-normal, and spanwise velocities F = forcing function used in immersed boundary technique Udes = desired velocity α, β = constants used in immersed boundary technique k = maximum roughness height Rek = roughness based Reynolds number, (U(k)k/ν) Rex = Reynolds number Re’ = unit Reynolds number, U∞/ν ν = kinematic viscosity x, y, z = streamwise, wall-normal, and spanwise coordinates λk = spanwise roughness element spacing (32 mm) δ = boundary layer thickness, (x/Re’) 1/2
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Drews et al. (2011) studied this question.
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