Cadaveric Study of the Juvenile Grey Heron's ( Ardea cinerea ) Nasal Cavity and Associated Structures Through Computed Tomography and Anatomical Sections

BACKGROUND: The grey heron (Ardea cinerea) is a large wading bird whose cranial anatomy reflects its piscivorous habits and aquatic lifestyle. The nasal cavity plays a key role in respiratory function and represents an important structure in the diagnosis and management of upper respiratory diseases. However, detailed anatomical descriptions integrating gross anatomy and advanced imaging remain limited for this species. METHODS: Three juvenile grey heron cadavers underwent transverse computed tomography (CT) scanning, followed by corresponding anatomical cross-sectioning. This combined approach enabled precise correlation of bony structures, soft tissues, and sinus components. RESULTS: CT imaging allowed clear identification of the rostral, middle, and caudal nasal conchae; the infraorbital sinus and its rostral diverticulum; the nasal septum and septal sinus; and the elongated choanal cleft, which differed from patterns described in terrestrial birds. Anatomical sections provided additional detail regarding the spatial relationships between conchae, meatuses, and surrounding bones, and confirmed the presence of a small, poorly developed nasal gland. Three-dimensional reconstructions further enhanced spatial understanding of the nasal cavity and associated cranial structures. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the first integrated anatomical and CT-based reference for the nasal cavity in the grey heron. The findings improve the interpretation of diagnostic imaging and provide a valuable framework for the evaluation of sinonasal and orbital disorders in aquatic avian species.