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Demonstrates improved eye tracking performance in head-mounted displays, highlighting its potential for accessible research.
Eye tracking offers new opportunities for interaction and data collection as users adopt head-mounted displays (HMDs). However, most HMDs either lack a built-in eye tracker or restrict access to gaze data, preventing researchers from realizing their full potential. Third-party eye trackers are a potential solution; however, existing methods for integrating them into HMDs are rarely evaluated and heavily depend on the specific software platform or device. Therefore, we present a validated open-source framework for cross-device eye tracking. We developed the framework on Pupil Labs Neon and assessed performance across three representative HMDs—the Apple Vision Pro, Meta Quest 3, and XREAL Air 2 Ultra. Results showed our framework significantly outperformed Pupil Lab’s implementation on the Quest 3 while maintaining consistent accuracy across other devices. By releasing the framework, this work establishes a validated foundation for cross-device gaze tracking, enabling accessible and reproducible eye tracking research in augmented and virtual reality environments.
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Park et al. (2026) studied this question.
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