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The management from T&D networks is increasingly impacted by (new) aspects such as: 1) Integration of distributed energy resources 2) Fluctuating in-feeds 3) Increasing short-circuit currents 4) Increasing distance between generation and load 5) Grid bottlenecks 6) Increased energy trading 7) Higher needs for supply quality along with greater network complexity and vulnerability 8) Cost pressure in CAPEX and OPEX. These shall drive the European electricity utilities for more flexible and efficient grids in order to meet the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. For this, utilities will have to enhance existing infrastructures with new innovative tools and technologies (from generation, transmission and distribution all the way down to consumer equipment) to create a flexible and "living" SmartGrid operatedproactively at three levels of control: centralized, decentralized and local. SmartGrid technologies improve the observability and controllability of the power system. Smart Grid implementation extends over several technical solutions like SmartMetering, SmartSubstation, etc. Due to the number of elements involved and the required performances, the SmartGrid shall operate mostly in closed-loop (with as little as possible human intervention). In this context, the Distribution Control Centre plays a vital role for setting up and managing the SmartGrid. It has to support the utility with tools and processes to ensure and improve network operation in terms of Reliability, Security, Economics, Power quality, Efficiency, Environmental quality and Safety. (4 pages)
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Suter et al. (2009) studied this question.