Impact of the Tajogaite Volcano Eruption on Symptoms and Pulmonary Function in Paediatric Population

Rationale The Tajogaite volcano (La Palma, Spain) erupted in September 2021 for 85 days, releasing gases, ash, and lava over populated areas. Data on the respiratory effects of volcanic emissions in children remain limited. Objectives To describe the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function patterns in a paediatric population exposed to emissions from the Tajogaite volcano. Methods A cross-sectional study with a follow-up component was conducted in a high-exposure area. A total of 188 children aged 6 to 18 years were interviewed 10–17 months after the eruption. Sociodemographic data, medical history, and symptom records during and after the eruption were collected. Post-eruption lung function was assessed using spirometry, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Results During the eruption, 25–50% of participants reported respiratory symptoms, mainly upper airway (itching and nasal congestion). Post-eruption, ocular symptoms decreased (p<0.05), while cough, headache, nasal congestion, sore throat, and skin problems persisted. Symptom frequency and persistence were higher in children with a history of asthma or environmental tobacco smoke exposure (p<0.05). Post-eruption, 6.4% of participants had reduced FEV₁ and/or FVC, 15.2% showed decreased DLCO (< GLI 5th percentile), and 44% had FeNO≥20 ppb. Conclusions Children and adolescents exposed to Tajogaite volcano presented a high prevalence and persistence of respiratory symptoms, particularly in those with environmental tobacco smoke exposure or underlying respiratory conditions. Including DLCO and FeNO in spirometric evaluation may help detect respiratory abnormalities and support further longitudinal monitoring.