Improving the Conventional Solar Still Performance by Floating Absorbers, Reflectors, and Nanoparticles‐Improved PCM

This work aims to enhance the performance of a conventional solar still (CSS) by using a novel floating absorber conventional solar still (FACSS) that integrates buoyant cork‐based absorbers, external reflectors, and silver‐nanoparticle‐enhanced phase‐change materials (Ag‐nano‐PCM). The work aims to (1) maximize evaporation through capillary wicking by optimizing the number of floating absorbers, (2) increase solar irradiance through front and rear mirrors, and (3) stabilize thermal performance through a dual‐phase management system that includes latent heat storage and forced vapor extraction. Three FACSS configurations—FACSS‐4A, FACSS‐6A, and FACSS‐8A—as well as a baseline CSS were fabricated and tested under actual outside settings as part of the research. A 2‐cm layer of Ag‐nano‐PCM was included underneath the glass cover to retain extra heat, and external 70 × 70 cm reflectors were used to boost sun flux. To improve condensation and remove vapor, an electric fan was utilized. Calibrated glassware was used to collect and quantify the condensate on an hourly basis. Additionally, it was suggested that the effects of applying nanocoating be investigated. According to experimental findings, the FACSS‐6A configuration's balanced capillary water supply and evaporation surface area allowed for excellent performance. With mirrors and a fan, the FACSS‐6A provided a thermal efficiency of 56.8% and a peak daily production of 9300 mL/(m 2 ·day), a 165% increase over the CSS (3500 mL/[m 2 ·day]). The day output reached 8200 mL/(m 2 ·day) (154% enhancement) when Ag‐nano‐PCM was coupled with reflectors (FACSS + R + PCM), and consistent performance persisted throughout the night due to latent heat release. Freshwater production costs were significantly reduced, from 0.024 USD/L for CSS to 0.0124 USD/L for FACSS + R + Fan + NC and 0.015 USD/L for FACSS + R + PCM, according to the technoeconomic study, demonstrating great economic feasibility.