This paper analyses the sum-of-squares (SoS) detector that is designed to reveal the presence of a spoofing attack. The SoS decision statistic is computed using carrier phase measurements from two spatially separated Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and assumes a simple form that makes it suitable for real-time applications. The detector is theoretically characterized, and its effectiveness is shown using simulations and experiments involving real Global Positioning System data.
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Borio et al. (2016) studied this question.
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