In the immediately preceding essay, Ronald C. Arnett and Gordon Nakagawa critique the assumptive roots of empathie listening. This essay briefly summarizes their critique and outlines an alternative approach to listening which is grounded in the hermeneutic phenomenologies of Martin Heidegger, Hans‐Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricoeur. Four themes—openness, linguisticality, play, and the fusion of horizons—are explicated as distinctive features of this alternative. Conceptual and pedagogical implications are also discussed.
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John Stewart (1983) studied this question.
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