Unraveling Tamarindus indica Pulp-Derived Green Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for Cardioprotective Potential against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Biochemical and Gene Expression Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Green synthesis of MgO NPs from T. indica pulp.

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  Figure 2. (a) Photographic images of (a) T. indica pulp aqueous extract, (b) magnesium nitrate solution, (c) biogenic Pulp MgO NPs solution, and (d) pulp MgO nanopowders. (b) UV–vis spectrophotometric analysis of biogenic Pulp MgO NPs.

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  Figure 3. (a) XRD pattern of Pulp MgO NPs; (b) FT-IR spectra of MgO NPs from T. indica pulp; (c) SEM micrograph of Pulp MgO NPs at scale bar 10 μm, (d) EDX profile of Pulp MgO NPs; (e) elemental mapping analysis of magnesium; and (f) elemental mapping analysis of oxygen.

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  Figure 4. In vitro antioxidant assays: (a) DPPH scavenging, (b) ABTS scavenging, (c) iron chelating, and (d) NO scavenging activities of Pulp MgO NPs; (e) ex vivo antioxidant assays by antihemolytic activity, and (f) inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities of Pulp MgO NPs.

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  Figure 5. Cytotoxicity analysis of Pulp MgO NPs: (a) % of BHK-21 and Vero cell survival at different concentrations of Pulp MgO NPs, and photomicrographs (×20 magnification at scale bar = 1 mm) (b) BHK-21 and (c) Vero cell culture. Data were analyzed from triplicates and expressed as mean ± SD.

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  Figure 6. Assessment of serum cardiac biomarkers in the experimental groups. (a) Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI), (b) creatine kinase- MB (CK-MB), and (c) aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests and reported as mean ± SD (n = 5). When compared to the disease control (DC) group, values are statistically significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

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  Figure 7. Effects of Pulp MgO NPs on the plasma lipid profile in the experimental groups. (a) Total cholesterol (TC), (b) triglycerides (TG), (c) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and (d) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett‘s multiple comparisons tests. Values are statistically significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 when compared to the disease control (DC) group.

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  Figure 8. Effects of Pulp MgO NPs on cardiac (a) SOD level (U/mg protein), (b) CAT level (μmol/mg protein), (c) GSH level (μmol/mg protein), and (d) MDA level (nmol/mg protein). Data were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett‘s multiple comparisons tests. Values are statistically significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 when compared to the disease control (DC) group.

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  Figure 9. Relative fold change of mRNA expressions. Apoptotic (a) caspase-3 gene expression, (b) p53 gene expression, (c) BCL-2 gene expression. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests after being represented as mean ± SD (n = 5). When compared to DC: disease control group, values are statistically significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Relative fold change of mRNA expressions. Antioxidant (d) superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene expression, (e) catalase (CAT) gene expression, and (f) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) gene expression. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests after being represented as mean ± SD (n = 5). When compared to DC: disease control group, values are statistically significant at *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

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  Figure 10. Effect of Pulp MgO NPs on the histology of the heart of experimental rats (×40 at scale bar = 500 μm, H&E). (a) Normal control (NC) group, (b) disease control (DC) group, (c) reference control (RC) group, (d) Pulp MgO NPs 15 mg/kg BW (P-15) group, and (e) Pulp MgO NPs 30 mg/kg BW (P-30) group.