Development and validation of the Olympic values performance scale for physical education

Objectives Physical education is a key avenue for achieving SDG 3 (Good health and well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality education). Yet few measurement tools exist for Olympic values education in PE. This study developed and validated the Olympic Values Performance Scale for Physical Education (OVPSPE), targeting students aged 11–18 and grounded in the IOC's core values of excellence, respect, and friendship. Methods The scale was developed through four sequential studies. Study 1 used focus groups and expert consultations. Study 2 applied exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, and reliability testing. Study 3 confirmed validity through factor analysis, criterion-related evidence, invariance, and cross-validation. Study 4 tested reliability over time. Results Study 1 produced 48 items demonstrating content validity. Study 2 used EFA to construct the OVPSPE, identifying 5 factors with 23 items. Study 3 confirmed the model's goodness of fit and supported multiple aspects of validity. Study 4 demonstrated moderate to good test–retest reliability. Overall, the scale exhibits strong reliability and validity. Implications: The scale consists of five subscales—pursuit of excellence, team cohesion, friendly support, respect for rules and environment, and respect for self and others—comprising 23 items. By articulating Olympic values in greater detail, the instrument enables scholars to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of Olympic values education in physical education classes. It also serves as a practical tool for PE teachers to assess students’ Olympic values and provides a solid foundation for future research in Olympic values education.