The current state of empirical research on ecosystems is reviewed, including business, innovation and platform ecosystems. A systematic literature review identifies several units of analysis: the individual actor, the relationship between actors and the ecosystem as a whole. Taking these units of analysis into account, various theoretical perspectives in ecosystem research are analysed. A number of methodologies utilised in previous empirical research on ecosystems of different types are also described. The paper contributes to emerging theory on ecosystems in the field of business and management.
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Järvi et al. (2017) studied this question.
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