Balancing Practical Uses and Ethical Concerns:The Role of Large Language Models in Scientific Research

The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in scientific research is accelerating progress but also challenging core scientific norms such as accountability, transparency, and replicability. Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are revolutionizing scientific communication and problem‐solving, but they introduce complexities regarding authorship and the integrity of scientific work. LLMs have the potential to transform various research practices, including literature surveys, meta‐analyses, and data management tasks like entity resolution and query synthesis. Despite their advantages, LLMs present challenges such as content verification, transparency, and accurate attribution. This study explores the appropriate use of LLMs for NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD), considering whether to develop a custom bespoke model or fine‐tune an existing open‐source model. This article reviews the outcomes and lessons learned from this effort, providing insights for other research groups navigating similar decisions.