Cosmic calibration: Constraints from the matter power spectrum and the cosmic microwave background

Several cosmological measurements have attained significant levels of maturity and accuracy over the past decade. Continuing this trend, future observations promise measurements of the cosmic mass distribution at an accuracy level of 1% out to spatial scales with k10h Mpc^-1 and even smaller, entering highly nonlinear regimes of gravitational instability. In order to interpret these observations and extract useful cosmological information from them, such as the equation of state of dark energy, very costly high precision, multiphysics simulations must be performed. We have recently implemented a new statistical framework with the aim of obtaining accurate parameter constraints from combining observations with a limited number of simulations. The key idea is the replacement of the full simulator by a fast emulator with controlled error bounds. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the methodology and extend the framework to include joint analysis of cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure measurements. Our framework is especially well suited for upcoming large-scale structure probes of dark energy such as baryon acoustic oscillations and, especially, weak lensing, where percent level accuracy on nonlinear scales is needed.