Reconfigurable metasurfaces and meta-devices with multi-domain multiplexing

Summary Electromagnetic metasurfaces represent a platform for wavefront manipulation, enabling control over electromagnetic wave propagation via subwavelength structural design. This review focuses on the multifunctionality and multi-domain multiplexing capabilities of reconfigurable electromagnetic metasurfaces and meta-devices that address the limitations of single-function devices by exploiting multiple physical degrees of freedom spanning spatial, frequency, polarization, and temporal domains. We provide an analysis of prevailing design paradigms, covering frequency-domain multiplexing, spatial-partitioning strategies, polarization-selective architectures, dynamic spatiotemporal coding schemes, and their hybrid implementations. On the application front, we evaluate representative advances in wireless communications, imaging and sensing, and radar and stealth technologies. We discuss research directions such as metasurface-algorithm co-design, system-level integration, and adaptive reconfigurable systems.