We introduce the Fractal Cognitive Architecture (FCA), a multi-scale learning frame-work for artificial intelligence based on recursive operator composition and hierarchical self-similarity. FCA models knowledge as a structured system of transformations acting across scales, where each computational unit (“knot”) is formalized as a bounded oper-ator over a Hilbert space. This formulation enables a unified treatment of symbolic structure, continuous representations, and relational transformations within a single mathematical framework. The core idea of FCA is to enforce consistency across scales through recursive compo-sition, such that representations remain stable under repeated transformation. We ex-tend this architecture with Adaptive Recursive Expansion (ARE), a mechanism that dynamically increases structural depth when reconstruction error or spectral instability exceeds predefined thresholds. We derive a set of spectral and contraction-based conditions that characterize stability and convergence behavior in the resulting dynamical system. These conditions moti-vate a regularized training objective combining task loss, cross-scale consistency con-straints, and spectral norm penalties. Empirically, we evaluate FCA on synthetic multi-scale regression tasks, hierarchical classification benchmarks, and stability-controlled ablation studies. Results show that FCA improves representation fidelity and generali-zation in settings with explicit multi-scale structure, while maintaining stable optimiza-tion under adaptive expansion. Overall, this work provides a structured framework for integrating multi-scale repre-sentation learning, operator-theoretic modeling, and controlled architectural adapta-tion in artificial intelligence systems.
Kantoci et al. (2026) studied this question.
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