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Classifies global dynamics in a three-dimensional predator-prey system, indicating 23 distinct classes of interactions.
Three-dimensional predator-prey Lotka-Volterra systems with an identical intrinsic growth rate can have either one, or two, or three predator-prey interaction pairs. In the case with one pair, their global topological dynamics in the first octant of the compactified Poincaré ball have been characterized recently. Here we study the case with three pairs, and complete their classification on global dynamics: exactly 23 topologically distinct classes. Among which the ω - and α -limit sets of any trajectory are either an equilibrium, or a periodic orbit, or a polygonal loop. Moreover, we show that every bounded predator-prey system (with one exception) admits a unique balance simplex. This geometric framework is helpful to characterize the global dynamics.
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Liang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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