Ship Electric Propulsion Based on Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Batteries, PVs and WASP: Energy Management, Dynamics and Converter-Driven Stability

This paper presents a complete analysis and simulation of the operation of a zero-emission marine vessel with electric propulsion. A hypothetical passenger ferry operating in the Aegean Sea, Greece, is considered, which is powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, a battery energy storage system (BESS) and photovoltaic (PV) energy. Wind-assisted ship propulsion (WASP) is employed to reduce the energy consumption of the ship. A complete analysis is performed, which includes optimal energy management, dynamic analysis and emerging stability concerns due to the high integration of power electronic converters in the shipboard microgrid. The energy management system (EMS) applies multi-objective optimization based on the corona virus optimization (CVO) algorithm and the teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO). The dynamic behavior of the microgrid is tested using real-time digital simulations. Converter-driven stability issues are investigated, which may arise due to interactions among the various converter controllers and passive components of the microgrid.