Given (M,g) a smooth 4-dimensional Riemannian manifold, let Sg be the scalar curvature of g, and let Rcg be the Ricci curvature of g. The Paneitz operator, discovered in [21], is the fourth-order operator defined by P 4 g u = �2 g u−divg
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Djadli et al. (2000) studied this question.
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