Structural Brain Network Disturbances in the Psychosis Spectrum

BACKGROUND: Individuals with subclinical psychotic symptoms provide a unique window on the pathophysiology of psychotic experiences as these individuals are free of confounders such as hospitalization, negative and cognitive symptoms and medication use. Brain network disturbances of white matter connections are thought to play a central role in the pathophysiology of psychosis. Based on the structural network disconnection hypothesis in schizophrenia, we expect less and weaker connections, and altered brain network organization in individuals with clinical and those with subclinical psychotic symptoms. METHODS: We used diffusion tensor imaging to study 35 patients with a psychotic disorder, 35 subjects with subclinical psychotic symptoms, and 36 healthy controls. The structural brain network was analyzed on 3 levels: connection density, white matter microstructure (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and magnetic transfer ratio), and network organization. Network organization was studied with minimum spanning tree analysis, a method to reconstruct a backbone of structural highways in the brain. RESULTS: Decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity was found in both groups with psychotic symptoms, while their network topology showed decreased overlap with a healthy reference network. Decreased centrality was found in several brain regions, including parietal hubs and language areas, in both groups with psychotic symptoms. Deviation of network characteristics was more apparent in clinical subjects than in subclinical subjects. DISCUSSION: Weaker connections and decreased centrality of parietal hubs characterize the structural brain network in subjects with psychotic symptoms. These differences are more notable in clinical than in subclinical subjects with psychotic experiences.