A set of parameters for studying the systematics of nuclear recoil, induced by high-energy protons, is proposed. A simple version V₀ of the two-velocity model is the basis of this analysis. The velocity of the observed recoil nucleus is assumed to be the vector sum of an initial velocity v, which is constant and in the forward direction from the first step of the reaction, and a velocity V, which has a distribution of values and is isotropic from the second step. The evaluation of recoil experiments yields values of v and ppCN (the fractional momentum transfer) for the first step of the reaction; 〈T〉=1/2MREC〈V²〉, εS and εF for the second step; and Tₘₐₓ〈T〉 and Pₘₐₓ for the overall reaction. The mass of the observed recoil nucleus is MREC; εS and εF are the average kinetic energy of the emitted particles in a random-walk process or in two-fragment breakup, respectively; Tₘₐₓ is the maximum value of T for a given reaction mode, and Pₘₐₓ is the upper limit to the probability of this reaction mode. The combination of the single-collision model and the V₀ approximation results in the additional parameter E₀*=pECNpCN for the first step of the reaction, where ECN is the excitation energy plus a small kinetic energy in a compound-nucleus reaction. An analysis based on the collision-tube model, in which one or more nucleons may be emitted in the first step, gives the excitation energy E*, E*ΔA, the mass Δm of the effective target, and ΔAΔm. The value of E* includes the kinetic energy of the excited nucleus and the separation energy of the nucleons emitted in the first step. The total number of nucleons emitted in the reaction is ΔA.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Proton induced; introduction to recoil systematics.
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L. Winsberg (1980) studied this question.