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Charlotte J. Patterson, Janis B. Kupersmidt, Nancy A. Vaden, Income Level, Gender, Ethnicity, and Household Composition as Predictors of Children's School-Based Competence, Child Development, Vol. 61, No. 2, Special Issue on Minority Children (Apr., 1990), pp. 485-494
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Patterson et al. (1990) studied this question.
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