New Trends in the Enforcement of erga omnes Obligations

I. The Emergence of erga omnes Obligations 1. Human Rights Under the UN Charter a. The Programme b. The Implementation 2. The Establishment of erga, omnes obligations in Other fields a. Conventional Creation b. Jus cogens 3. Ensuring Compliance with erga omnes Obligations a. The Growing Awareness of their Different Character b. The Tortuous Implementation of the Idea in Practice II. Can the Existing Community Mechanisms Ensure Enforcement? 1. The Conceptual Question 2. The Relevant Functions of International Organs a. Reporting Systems b. Inspection, Verification and Investigation Systems c. Complaints Procedures d. (Limited) Non-Violent Sanctions 3. Conclusions III. Individual Criminal Responsibility 1. The Evolution of the Concept a. The Way to Nuremberg, Tokyo and Other Prosecutions after World War II b. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols 2. The influence of the International Criminal Tribunals Established by the Security Council a. Jurisdictional Innovation b. The Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Tribunals 3. The International Criminal Court (ICC) a. Jurisdiction and its Implementation b. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction