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Abstract We study three astrophysical/cosmological consequences of nonminimal couplings to gravity in wavelike vector dark matter. In the nonrelativistic limit, the nonminimal coupling with the lowest mass dimension leads to effective self-interactions that affect the mass-radius relation of vector solitons, growth of linear perturbations during structure formation, and the speed of gravitational waves (GWs). Based on the success of cold dark matter on large-scale perturbations and the current limits on GW speed, we constrain the dark matter mass and nonminimal coupling strength to be within the range | ξ 1 |/ m 2 ≪ 10 50 eV -2 and -3 × 10 46 eV -2 ≲ ξ 2 / m 2 ≲ 8 × 10 48 eV -2 .
Zhang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.