Machine learning integrated solvothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass to maximize bio-oil yield

Accelerating consumption of limited fossil-based for economic growth and simultaneously mitigating greenhouse gas emissions create a dilemma that is waiting to be solved by researchers. In this context, solvothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oil is a promising way to obtain green energy. However, maximizing bio-oil is challenging to optimize the operating parameters employing conventional techniques due to the complexity and non-linearity of the process. Lately, machine learning approaches have become powerful tools for addressing complex nonlinear problems by predicting process behavior and regulating operating parameters for optimization by learning from datasets. The current research demonstrates integrating experimental and a developed artificial neural network model to optimize solvothermal liquefaction of pinus brutia , based on temperature, water fraction, and biomass amount in maximizing bio-oil generation for the first time. The highest bio-oil yields were obtained at 31.40 %, 18.68 %, and 39.69 %, respectively, with 4 and 8 g biomass in the presence of water, ethanol, and water/ethanol mixture at 240 °C. Under the model conditions, the maximum bio-oil yield was experimentally verified at 46.20 %, which was predicted at 48.8 %. Beyond providing accurate yield predictions, the approach highlights the potential of date-driven modeling to reduce experimental workload and cost while aiding parameter selection to improve efficiency. These outcomes emphasize the importance of machine learning integration into liquefaction process, providing remarkable results for future process design, optimization, and scalability. On the other hand, the study also includes characterization results (ultimate, proximate, FTIR, and GC–MS) of selected products and pinus brutia . • Solvothermal liquefaction of pinus brutia was investigated for the first time. • Water, ethanol, and their mixture were used as liquefaction solvents for 1 h. • ANN model was developed to maximize bio-oil yield based on the experimental data. • Water fraction, temperature, and biomass amount were condisered for the model. • Maximum bio-oil obtained under the predicted conditions as 46.20 % at 264 °C.